Healthspan / longevity

mTOR inhibition with rapamycin extends lifespan and healthspan across diverse models and is the most advanced pharmacologic geroscience candidate, with early human trials targeting aging-related decline.

NAD+ boosting via the precursor nicotinamide riboside is well-tolerated and effectively raises NAD+ metabolism in middle-aged and older adults, with signals of reduced blood pressure and arterial stiffness.

Elamipretide (SS-31) binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane and restores oxidative-phosphorylation-related protein function, a mechanism aimed at reversing age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction.

The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin extends lifespan and improves metabolic healthspan in animal models, declines with age, and is elevated in children of centenarians.

MOTS-c, a mitochondrial-derived peptide whose circulating levels fall with age, improves glucose metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis in preclinical aging and metabolic models.

Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) increases lifespan in mice and flies and restores circadian melatonin/cortisol rhythms in aged primates, though rigorous independent human data are lacking.

Metformin attenuates multiple hallmarks of aging (nutrient sensing, senescence, mitochondrial function, telomere attrition) and is the first drug entering a dedicated human aging trial (TAME).